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Two stems (X and Y) can be concatenated to form
a compound stem:
S = X-Y
Depending on how a compound is analysed different
meanings occurs.
The main categories are noun, adverbal and
verbal compounds.
Noun Compounds
There are 4 principal modes of analysing noun compounds:
Co-ordinative (dvandva, dv)
Descriptive (karmadhāraya, kdh)
Determinative (tatpuruṣa, tp)
Exocentric (bahuvrīhi,
bv).
By some kdh is considered a tp.
S = X-Y is analysed by one of the following
rules:
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dv
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X Y ca
‘X and Y’
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(1)
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kdh
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Y as X
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(2a)
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Y which is X
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(2b)
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Y which is as X
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(2c)
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tp
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Y AX ‘Y with respect to X’
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(3a)
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Y IX ‘Y with X’
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(3b)
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Y DX ‘Y to/through X’
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(3c)
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Y GX ‘Y of X’
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(3d)
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Y AbX ‘Y from X’
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(3e)
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Y LX ‘Y in/on/at X’
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(3f)
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bv
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Gya Y [yathā] X asti
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(4a)
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‘whose Y is [like] X’
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Gya LY [yathā] X asti
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(4b)
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‘in whose Y is [like] X’
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Iya Y [yathā] X asti
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(4c)
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‘by whom Y is [like] X’
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Note:
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A compound can be part of a bigger compound.
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(5)
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dv:
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In dv the gender is shown by Y and the number
shown denotes all persons/things refered to.
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(6)
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When a dv is perceived as a whole it is put in
n/sg.
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(7)
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There exists dv with Adj meaning.
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(8)
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tp:
In tp, a √ with Adj meaning sometimes occurs as
Y, with the following changes:
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Sometimes
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Y = √ a
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(9)
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Y=°Ă
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⊃
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Y = √ t
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(10)
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2K=ā ∨ ai ∨ N
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⊃
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2K = a
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(11)
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In a tp X may have an E attached to it.
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(12)
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bv:
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A bv always refers to something beyond itself.
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(13)
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In a bv Y is always a subst.
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(14)
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The gender of Y in a bv is changed to fit that
which it refers to (sometimes by adding ka
∨ kā).
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(15)
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Examples:
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ācārya-śiṣyau
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‘the teacher and pupil’
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(1 & 6)
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ācārya-śiṣyāḥ
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‘theacher[s] and pupil[s]’
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(1 & 6)
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vṛtta-pīna
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‘round and fat’
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(1 & 8)
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nīca-karman
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‘bad deed’
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(2b)
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pāda-padma
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‘foot lotus’
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(2c)
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svarga-patita
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‘fallen from heaven’
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(3e)
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vana-vāsin
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‘forrest dweller’
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(3e)
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viśva-jit
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‘all-conquering’
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(3d & 10)
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manasi-ja
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‘born in thought’
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(3e, 11 & 12)
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mokṣa-kāma
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‘whose wish is liberation’
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(4a & 13)
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mṛta-bhartṛkā
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‘whose husband is dead’
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(4a, 13 & 15)
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An example of a real gargantuan compound which
uses (5) over and over again is:
yadroṣavibhramavivṛttakaṭākṣapātasambhrāntanakramakara
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tp (3d):
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yad-roṣa
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‘his rage’
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tp (3a):
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yadroṣa-vibhrama
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‘his rage
violently’
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tp (3a):
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yadroṣavibhrama-vivṛtta
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‘his rage
violently distorted’
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tp (2b):
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kaṭa-akṣa
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‘side glance’
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kdh (2b):
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yadroṣavibhramavivṛtta-kaṭākṣa
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‘of his rage
violently distorted side glances’
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tp (3d):
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yadroṣavibhramavivṛttakaṭâkṣa-pāta
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‘the falling
of his rage violently distorted side glances’
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tp (3b):
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yadroṣavibhramavivṛttakaṭâkṣapāta-sambhrānta
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‘agitated by
the falling of his rage violently distorted side glances’
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dv:
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nakra-makara
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‘crocodile
and shark’
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bv (4a):
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yadroṣavibhramavivṛttakaṭâkṣapātasambhrānta-nakramakara
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‘whose
crocodiles and sharks are agitated by the falling of his rage violently
distorted side glances’
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Adverbal Compunds
Adv compounds (avyayībhāva),
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always have an indeclinable particle or an Adv
as X
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(16)
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are always put in n/sg/A.
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(17)
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Example:
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yathā-ruci
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‘to taste’
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(16 & 17)
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sa-bhayam
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‘with fear’
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(16 & 17)
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Verbal Compunds
The preverbs below are often put first in a S as
X with a form of V as Y. They do not always change the meaning of V, but when
they do, they do it along the following lines:
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ati
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over, beyond, past; too, extremely, very
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adhi
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over, on
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anu
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along, after
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antar
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in between, etc. [rare]
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apa
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away, off
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api
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near to, at, on
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abhi
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to, unto, toward
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ava
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down, from, away
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ā
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hither, unto
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ud
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up, up forth, forth; out
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upa
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to, unto
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ni
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down, into
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nis
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out, away from, without, lacking
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parā
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away, off, aside, etc.
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pari
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around
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pra
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before, forward
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prati
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against, back
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vi
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asunder, away
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sa
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with, having
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sam
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together
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su
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well, fair, good, very etc; easily, easy
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dus
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ill, bad, evil, mis- etc; difficult to
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A good example on how they alter the meaning of a root is √ dru.
A preverb can be set before a verb that already
has a preverb bringing further modification to the meaning. The preverb closest
to the verb is the main one.
Example:
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√ dru
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run
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pra-
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√ dru
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rush
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vi-pra-
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√ dru
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run asunder
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saṃ-pra-
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√ dru
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run away, flee
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Note:
An augment is put between the preverbs and the √.
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