|
N
A
I
D
Ab
G
L
V
|
Overview
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Case
|
Denotes
|
|
|
Nominative (N)
|
the subject, the predicate
|
(1)
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Accusative (A)
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a) the wither, b) the object of transitives c) extension in time and space d) used adverbially
|
(2)
|
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Instrumental (I)
|
with what, by what, how; acompaniment, the agent, the way, the means, the manner, the quality, of time, of value
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(3)
|
|
Dative (D)
|
a) direction of movement (mostly metaphoricaly); b) the D of interest c) D of purpose
|
(4)
|
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Ablative (Ab)
|
whence there is a starting, withdrawal, separation, distance, cause
|
(5)
|
|
Genitive (G)
|
possession, expressing relations between substantives
|
(6)
|
|
Locative (L)
|
where; in, at, on, to (also metaphoricaly), aim reached
|
(7)
|
|
Vocative (V)
|
the person addressed
|
(8)
|
Overview: time and place
|
|
Time
|
Place
|
|
A
|
during/at
|
what
|
|
I
|
during/(finished) within
|
in/over/through
|
|
D
|
the time to come, when a limit of something to
be done
|
the destination
|
|
Ab
|
the time from, since, after
|
the point from whence
|
|
G
|
the time after
|
|
|
L
|
the time under which / at
|
at which distance a fact is from another
|
Prepositions
(Note: when both case columns are used it means
before or after. Parenthesis denotes
that this possibility is rarer but allowed.)
|
Case
|
Prep.
|
Case
|
Meaning
|
Synonyms
|
|
|
G
|
adhaḥ
|
|
from below
|
adhastāt
|
(9)
|
|
A
|
anu
|
(A)
|
after, along, following, about, concerning
|
|
(10)
|
|
|
antaḥ
added to L
|
|
within
|
[kindred:]
antarā, atareṇa + A
|
(11)
|
|
|
ā
|
Ab
|
denotes the boundary or limit
|
|
(12)
|
|
G
|
upari
|
|
above, over, on, upon
|
|
(13)
|
|
G
|
puraḥ
|
G
|
before
|
purataḥ, purastāt, agre, agrataḥ
|
(14)
|
|
A
|
prati
|
(A)
|
the direction forwards
|
|
(15)
|
|
Ab
|
bahiḥ
|
|
outside, out
|
|
(16)
|
|
A/I/Ab
|
vinā
|
|
without
|
|
(17)
|
|
(I)
|
saha
|
I
|
with
|
samam, sārdham, sākam
|
(18)
|
Examples:
Niveśya gaṅgām anu camūm. (10)
‘He encamped his army along the banks of Ganges.’
Saḥ api nītaḥ tamasi-antaḥ purohitaḥ. (11)
‘The purohita was likewise led into darkness.’
Ā mūlāt śrotum icchāmi. (12)
‘I wish to hear it from the root.’
Tām devīnām upari kṛtavān. (13)
‘He honoured her above his queens.’
Tasyāḥ paraḥ ruroda. (14)
‘We wept before her [eyes].’
Gṛham prati pratasthe. (15)
‘He set out homeward.’
Tvaṃ jalāt bahiḥ bhava. (16)
‘Get out of the water.’
Aham tvayā vinā na atra vastum. (17)
‘I cannot live here without you.’
Sā punar na śaktā tvām vinā sthātum. (17)
‘But she cannot stay without you.’
Tādṛśāt bhāgya-rāśeḥ vinā. (17)
‘Without such a store of happiness.’
Svasṛbhiḥ saha āgacchati. (18)
‘He is comming with his sisters.’
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