Contents

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Accusative (A)

N

A

I

D

Ab

G

L

V

A designates:

 

whither something is moving

(1)

the aim

(2)

the object of transitive √

(3)

the person addressed with √ of speaking

(4)

what space is occupied

(5)

during what time

(6)

with °tā ∨ °tva & verbs of motion: ‘becoming something’

(7)

 

Examples:

Gṛham gacchati. (1)

‘She goes to the house.’

Vidyām prapadyate. (2)

‘He attains knowledge.’

Gulikām pādena praharati. (3)

‘He kicks the ball with the foot.’

Saptāham Avataṃsakasūtram paṭhyate. (6)

‘The Avataṃsakasūtra is read for a week.’

Ācāryaḥ vṛddhatām gacchati. (7)

‘The teacher is becoming old.’

 

Double A:

AX ASubst √ [NZ]:

[Z] √:ing Subst about/to X

(8)

AX APart perception√ [NZ]:

[Z] √:ing X doing Part

(9)

AX AAdj √ [NZ]:

[Z] √:ing X is Adj

(10)

With √ of asking, X often take Ab or G,

with √ of teaching, Subst somtimes take L and

with √ of speaking, X may take D

(11)

Verbs as kathayati ‘to tell’, vedayati (C) ‘to make known’ and ādiśati ‘to enjoin’ never take double A.

(12)

 

For A used with C see: Causative.

 

Examples:

Ācāryaḥ śiṣyam dharmam anuśāsti. (8)

‘The teacher teaches the law to the pupil.’

Ācāryam āgacchantam paśyāmi. (9)

‘I am seeing the teacher coming.’

Ācāryam paṇḍitam manye. (10)

‘I consider the teacher to learned.’

 

The corresponding Ps construction to (8) is:

NX AY Ps√ [IZ]:

Y is √ to X [by Z]

(13)

 

Ācāryena śiṣyaḥ dharmam anuśāsyate. (13)

‘The law is taught to the pupil by the teacher.’

 

As adverb:

n/A/sg of any Adj may be used as an adverb.

(14)

 

Śīghram gacchati. (14)

‘He goes swiftly.’

 

 

 

 

 

Copyright © 2005 Lennart Warnemyr