Contents

 

External Sandhi

IS

 

Between A and K

The only instances when A and K does influence each other is:

 

Ă + ch

>

Ă

cch

(ES-1a)

’ + ch

>

cch

(ES-1b)

ā’ + ch

>

ā

cch

(ES-1c)

 

Example:

+ chidaḥ

>

mā cchidaḥ (1b)

‘Do not cut!’

 

Otherwise A and K never influence each other:

 

A + K

>

A

K

(ES-2)

K + A

>

K

A

(ES-3)

 

Between A

Similar A:

ā̆ + ā̆

>

ā

(ES-4)

ī̆ + ī̆

>

ī

(ES-5)

ū̆ + ū̆

>

ū

(ES-6)

 

Example:

na+ asti

>

nāsti (4)

‘It is not’

 

ā̆ ending first phonem:

ā̆ + ī̆

 

 

>

e

(ES-7)

 

ā̆ + ū̆

 

 

>

o

(ES-8)

 

ā̆ + ṝ̆

 

 

>

ar

(ES-9)

 

ā̆ + (e, ai)

 

 

>

ai

(ES-10)

 

ā̆ + (o, au)

 

 

>

au

(ES-11)

 

Example:

+ uvāca

>

sovāca (8)

‘She said.’

 

Between dissimilar ī̆, ū̆, ṝ̆ :

(ī̆ , ū̆ , ̆ ) + ¬( ī̆ , ū̆ , ̆ )A

>

(y, v, r)

A

(ES-12)

 

Example:

iti+ āha

>

ity āha (12)

‘Thus said.’

 

δA ending first phonem:

(e, o) + ¬aA

>

a

¬aA

(ES-13)

(e, o) + a

>

(e, o)

(ES-14)

ai + A

>

ā

A

(ES-15)

au + A

>

āv

A

(ES-16)

 

Example:

vane + āste

>

vana āste (12)

‘He sits in the forest.’

te + āgatāḥ

>

ta āgatāḥ (12)

‘They came.’

 

Special rule for dualis:

ī ū e / DuE remains unchained before A and effect no elision.

(ES-17)

 

Example:

bandhū + āsate+ imau

>

bandhū āsate imau (17)

‘These two friends sit.’

Between K

 

No change unless one of the following rules apply:

 

Stop ending first phonem:

¬OSi + ¬O

>

¬OSi

¬O

(ES-18)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

¬OSi + O

>

OSi

O

(ES-19)

 

but,

 

 

 

 

¬OSi +h

>

OSi

HOi

(ES-20)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Si + N

>

Ni

N

(ES-21)

 

Examples:

vāk + vaḥ

>

vāg vaḥ (19)

‘Their speech.’

vāk + me

>

vāṅ me (21)

‘My speech.’

 

Final t n before Pl, Cb and l:

t + ś

>

c

c ch

(ES-22)

t + (, [H]c)

>

( , [H])

(ES-23)

t + l [H]

>

l

l

(ES-24)

 

 

 

 

t+ [H]j

>

j

[H]j

(ES-25)

t+ [H]

>

[H]

(ES-26)

 

 

 

 

n + [H]c

>

ṃś

[H]c

(ES-27)

n + [H]

>

ṃṣ

[H]

(ES-28)

n + [H]t

>

ṃs

[H]t

(ES-29)

n + l

>

ṃl

l

(ES-30)

 

 

 

 

n + [H]j

>

ñ

[H]j

(ES-31)

n + [H]

>

[H]

(ES-32)

n + ś

>

ñ

ch ś

(ES-33)

 

Example:

kasmin + cit+ nagare

>

kasmiṃś cin nagare (27 & 21)

‘In some town.’

tat + śrutvā

>

tac śrutvā (22)

‘That was heard.’

 

Labial ending first phonem:

m + A

>

m

A

(ES-34)

m + K

>

K

(ES-35)

 

 

 

 

ìmNi + A

>

ĂNiNi

A

(ES-36)

 

Examples:

san + atra

>

sann atra (36)

‘Being here.’

udyan + ādityaḥ

 

udyann ādityaḥ (36)

‘The sun rises.’

 

Sibilant ending first phonem:

r + ¬OSi

>

Śi

¬OSi

(ES-37)

r + Ś

>

Ś

(ES-38)

 

 

 

 

¬ā̆ r + ¬rO

>

r

¬rO

(ES-39)

 

 

 

 

āḥ + O

>

ā

O

(ES-40)

 

 

 

 

aḥ + OK

>

o

OK

(ES-41)

aḥ + ¬aV

>

a

¬aV

(ES-42)

aḥ + a

>

o

(ES-43)

 

 

 

 

(a, I, u) ( r) + r

>

(ā, ī, ū)

r

(ES-44)

¬(a, i, u) ( r) + r

>

 

r

(ES-45)

 

Examples:

saḥ + api+ atra

>

so ’py atra (43 & 12)

He here.’

punar + ramate

>

punā ramate (44)

‘He is pleased again.’