Contents

 

Sandhi

ES

 

IS

 

Sandhi is the change of sounds when two phonems meet. If this happens between parts of word, internal sandhi (IS) occurs, if it happens between words in sentences, external sandhi (ES) occurs. In CS these changes are notated in the spelling.

 

The rules of ES are strictly a part of IS.

 

For ease of reference ES and IS are given both together and by themselves.

 

Overview (ES and IS)

Examples are given at the special pages devoted to IS and ES.

 

IS does not allways apply ( is used in a few places)!

 

Between A and K

The only instances when A and K does influence each other is:

 

Ă + ch

>

Ă

cch

(ES-1a)

+ ch

>

cch

(ES-1b)

ā + ch

>

ā

cch

(ES-1c)

 

 

 

 

 

 

σF ° δK (ī̆, ū̆ )A

σF ° δK

(iy, uv)A

(IS-1)

(i, u)r + K

(ī, ū)rK

(IS-2)

 

 

 

 

 

 

e+ y

>

ayy

 

 

(IS-3)

o+ y

>

avy

 

 

(IS-4)

ai+ y

>

āyy

 

 

(IS-5)

au+ y

>

āvy

 

 

(IS-6)

 

 

 

 

Otherwise A and K never influence each other:

 

A + K

>

A

K

(ES-2)

K + A

>

K

A

(ES-3)

K+ (A, Y, N)

>

K

(A, Y, N)

(IS-7)

Between A

Similar A:

ā̆ + ā̆

>

ā

(ES-4)

ī̆ + ī̆

>

ī

(ES-5)

ū̆ + ū̆

>

ū

(ES-6)

 

ā̆ ending first phonem:

ā̆ + ī̆

 

 

>

e

(ES-7)

ā̆ + ū̆

 

 

>

o

(ES-8)

ā̆ + ṝ̆

>

ar

(ES-9)

ā̆ + (e, ai)

 

 

>

ai

(ES-10)

ā̆ + (o, au)

 

 

>

au

(ES-11)

 

[*]e+ A

 

 

>

ayA

(IS-8)

[*]o+ A

 

 

>

avA

(IS-9)

[*]ai+ A

 

 

>

āyA

(IS-10)

[*]au+ A

 

 

>

āvA

(IS-11)

 

[*] denotes that this vowel may be an intemediate theoretical vowel using ES rules 7, 8, 10 or 11, (sometimes with changed order in the premise, e.g. u + a > o).

 

Between dissimilar ī̆, ū̆, ṝ̆ :

(ī̆ , ū̆ , ̆ ) + ¬( ī̆ , ū̆ , ̆ )A

>

(y, v, r)

A

(ES-12)

 

δA ending first phonem:

(e, o) + ¬aA

>

a

¬aA

(ES-13)

(e, o) + a

>

(e, o)

(ES-14)

ai + A

>

ā

A

(ES-15)

au + A

>

āv

A

(ES-16)

 

Special rule for dualis:

ī ū e / DuE remains unchained before A and effect no elision.

(ES-17)

 

Between K

 

No change unless one of the following rules apply:

 

Stop ending first phonem:

¬OSi + ¬O

>

¬OSi

¬O

(ES-18)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

[H]/OSi + ¬O

>

¬H/¬OSi

¬O

(IS-12)

 

but,

 

 

 

 

H/OSi + [H]t

>

¬H/OSi

dh

(IS-13)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

¬OSi + O

>

OSi

O

(ES-19)

 

but,

 

 

 

 

¬OSi +h

>

OSi

HOi

(ES-20)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

OSi + O

>

OSi

O

(IS-14)

 

but,

 

 

 

 

H/[O]Si + OS

>

¬H/OSi

OS

(IS-15)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Si + N

>

Ni

N

(ES-21)

 

 

Palatal ending first phonem:

ś + s

>

kṣ

(IS-16)

(ś, j) + [H]t

[H]

(IS-17)

(c, j) + n

>

(c, j)

ñ

(IS-18)

 

 

Cerebral ending first phonem:

+ s

>

kṣ

(IS-19)

 

Final t n before Pl, Cb and l:

t + ś

>

c

c ch

(ES-22)

t + (, [H]c)

>

( , [H])

(ES-23)

t + l [H]

>

l

l

(ES-24)

 

 

 

 

t+ [H]j

>

j

[H]j

(ES-25)

t+ [H]

>

[H]

(ES-26)

 

 

 

 

n + [H]c

>

ṃś

[H]c

(ES-27)

n + [H]

>

ṃṣ

[H]

(ES-28)

n + [H]t

>

ṃs

[H]t

(ES-29)

n + l

>

ṃl

l

(ES-30)

 

 

 

 

n + [H]j

>

ñ

[H]j

(ES-31)

n + [H]

>

[H]

(ES-32)

n + ś

>

ñ

ch ś

(ES-33)

 

 

 

 

Cb + Dt

>

CbCb

(IS-20)

n + Ś

>

Ś

(IS-21)

 

Labial ending first phonem:

m + A

>

m

A

(ES-34)

m + K

>

K

(ES-35)

 

 

 

 

m + ¬Ś /¬yK

>

nK

(IS-22)

 

m + Ś

>

Ś

(IS-23)

 

 

 

 

 

ìmNi + A

>

ĂNiNi

A

(ES-36)

 

 

Sibilant ending first phonem:

r + ¬OSi

>

Śi

¬OSi

(ES-37)

r + Ś

>

Ś

(ES-38)

 

 

 

 

¬ā̆ r + ¬rO

>

r

¬rO

(ES-39)

 

 

 

 

āḥ + O

>

ā

O

(ES-40)

 

 

 

 

aḥ + OK

>

o

OK

(ES-41)

aḥ + ¬aV

>

a

¬aV

(ES-42)

aḥ + a

>

o

(ES-43)

 

 

 

 

(a, i, u) ( r) + r

>

(ā, ī, ū)

r

(ES-44)

¬(a, i, u) ( r) + r

>

 

r

(ES-45)

 

h ending first phonem:

¬Ăh + [H]t dh

>

Āḍh

(IS-24)

h + t

gdh

(IS-25)

 

(IS-25 mostly with PPP of ending in h)

 

Retroflexion:

 

ṝ̆ r + [¬Pl, ¬Cb, ¬Dt]

+ n+

A n m y v

 

>

 

... ...

 

(IS-26)

 

 

 

 

¬ā̆A k r + [, ]

+ s +

¬( r)

 

>

 

... ...

(IS-27)