Contents

 

Internal Sandhi

ES

 

IS does not allways apply ( is used in a few places)!

Between A and K

The only instances when A and K does influence each other is:

 

σF ° δK (ī̆, ū̆ )A

σF ° δK

(iy, uv)A

(IS-1)

(i, u)r + K

(ī, ū)rK

(IS-2)

 

 

 

 

 

 

e+ y

>

ayy

 

 

(IS-3)

o+ y

>

avy

 

 

(IS-4)

ai+ y

>

āyy

 

 

(IS-5)

au+ y

>

āvy

 

 

(IS-6)

 

Examples:

bhū + am

>

bhuvam (1)

‘Earth.’ (A/sg)

gir + bhyaḥ

>

gīrbhyaḥ (2)

‘From the invocations.’ (DAb/pl)

go + yat

>

gavyat (4)

‘Desirous of cattle.’

 

Otherwise A and K never influence each other:

 

K+ (A, Y, N)

>

K

(A, Y, N)

(IS-7)

Between A

[*]e+ A

 

 

>

ayA

(IS-8)

[*]o+ A

 

 

>

avA

(IS-9)

[*]ai+ A

 

 

>

āyA

(IS-10)

[*]au+ A

 

 

>

āvA

(IS-11)

 

[*] denotes that this vowel may be an intemediate theoretical vowel using ES rules 7, 8, 10 or 11, (sometimes with changed order in the premise, e.g. u + a > o).

Examples:

 

nau + ā

>

nāvā (11)

‘With the ship.’ (I/sg)

sunu + āva

>

sunavāva (9)

‘We two should press!’ (Pr/Imp/1/du)

Between K

 

No change unless one of the following rules apply:

 

Stop ending first phonem:

[H]/OSi + ¬O

>

¬H/¬OSi

¬O

(IS-12)

 

but,

 

 

 

 

H/OSi + [H]t

>

¬H/OSi

dh

(IS-13)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

OSi + O

>

OSi

O

(IS-14)

 

but,

 

 

 

 

H/[O]Si + OS

>

¬H/OSi

OS

(IS-15)

 

Examples:

 

ad + ti

>

atti (12)

‘She eats.’ (Pr/Ind/P/3/sg)

ruṇadh + si

>

ruṇatsi (12)

‘He obstructs.’ (Pr/Ind/P/2/sg)

budh + ta

>

buddha (13)

‘Awakened.’ (PPP)

labh + tvā

>

labdhvā (13)

‘Has been obtained.’ (1Abs)

rundh + dhve

>

runddhve (15)

‘You obstructs.’ (Pr/Ind/Ā/2/pl)

 

Palatal ending first phonem:

ś + s

>

kṣ

(IS-16)

(ś, j) + [H]t

[H]

(IS-17)

(c, j) + n

>

(c, j)

ñ

(IS-18)

 

Examples:

 

adiś + sat

>

adikṣat (16)

‘She has shown.’ (Ao/P/3/sg)

dṛś + ta

 

dṛṣṭa (17)

‘Seen.’ (PPP)

rāj + n + ā

 

rājñā (18 & 7)

‘By the King.’ (I/sg)

 

Cerebral ending first phonem:

+ s

>

kṣ

(IS-19)

 

Example:

 

atviṣ + sat

 

atvikṣat (19)

‘He moved.’ (Ao/P/3/sg)

 

Dental ending first phonem:

Cb + Dt

>

CbCb

(IS-20)

n + Ś

>

Ś

(IS-21)

 

Examples:

 

dviṣ + ti

>

dviṣṭi (20)

‘She hates.’ (Pr/Ind/P/3/sg)

han + sva

>

haṃsva (21)

‘Kill!’ (Pr/Imp/Ā/2/sg)

 

 

Labial ending first phonem:

m + ¬Ś /¬yK

>

nK

(IS-22)

m + Ś

>

Ś

(IS-23)

 

Example:

 

gam + tum

>

gantum (22)

‘To go.’ (Inf)

 

h ending first phonem:

¬Ăh + [H]t dh

>

Āḍh

(IS-24)

h + t

gdh

(IS-25)

 

(25 mostly with PPP of ending in h)

 

Examples:

 

rih + tām

 

rīḍhām (24)

‘Kiss [me]!.’ (Pr/Imp/Ā/3/pl)

dih + ta

 

digdha (25)

‘Smeared’ (PPP)

 

 

Retroflexion:

 

ṝ̆ r + [¬Pl, ¬Cb, ¬Dt]

+ n+

A n m y v

 

>

 

... ...

 

(IS-26)

 

 

 

 

¬ā̆A k r + [, ]

+ s +

¬( r)

 

>

 

... ...

(IS-27)

 

Examples:

 

ru + n + adhāni

 

ruṇadhāni (26)

‘I should obstruct’ (Pr/Imp/P/1/sg)

ru + n +ddhi

 

runddhi (26)

‘You should obstruct’ (Pr/Imp/P/2/sg)

gi + r + su

 

gīrṣu (2 & 27)

‘In the invocations’ (L/pl)