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Athematic Conjugation (ATh)

Th

- general remarks -

 

AThS will denote the athematic verbstem.

 

The athematic verbs can be analysed as:

 

AThS AThE

 

 

(1)

 

AThS show gradation and they are generally formed as:

 

Class

WS

SS

 

II

 

G

(2)

III

III:R

 

III:RG

(3)

V

nu

 

no

(4)

VII

[1K] A Ni 2Ki

 

[1K] A na 2K

(5)

VIII

u

 

o

(6)

IX

KE, n AE

 

(7)

 

Main conjugation scheme:

 

ATh

 

 

 

Pr

 

 

 

Impf

 

 

Ind

 

Imp

 

Opt

 

 

1/sg/P

SS mi

SS āni

 

WS yā ṃ

a SS am

2

SS si

 

WS (d)hi

 

WS yā ḥ

a SS ḥ

3

SS ti

SS tu

 

WS yā t

a SS t

1/du

 

WS vaḥ

SS āva

 

WS yā va

 

a WS va

2

 

WS thaḥ

 

WS tam

 

WS yā tam

 

a WS tam

3

 

WS taḥ

 

WS tām

 

WS yā tām

 

a WS tām

1/pl

 

WS maḥ

SS āma

 

WS yā ma

 

a WS ma

2

 

WS tha

 

WS ta

 

WS yā ta

 

a WS ta

3

 

WS anti

 

WS antu

 

WS yuḥ

 

a WS an

1/sg/Ā

 

WS e

SS ai

 

WS ī ya

 

a WS i

2

 

WS se

 

WS sva

 

WS ī thāḥ

 

a WS thāḥ

3

 

WS te

 

WS tām

 

WS ī ta

 

a WS ta

1/du

 

WS vahe

SS āvahai

 

WS ī vahi

 

a WS vahi

2

 

WS āthe

 

WS āthām

 

WS ī yāthām

 

a WS āthām

3

 

WS āte

 

WS ātām

 

WS ī yātām

 

a WS ātām

1/pl

 

WS mahe

SS āmahai

 

WS ī mahi

 

a WS mahi

2

 

WS dhve

 

WS dhvam

 

WS ī dhvam

 

a WS dhvam

3

 

WS ate

 

WS atām

 

WS ī ran

 

a WS ata

 

Paradigms:

dviṣ

‘hate’

SS = dveṣ

WS = dviṣ

 

i

‘go’

SS = e

WS = i

 

as

‘be’

SS = as

WS = s

 

ās

‘sit’

SS = ās

WS = ās

 

ad

‘eat’

SS = ad

WS = ad

 

Class II: -class

(ad-class)

 

SS = G

(8)

WS =

(9)

 

Note:

an ‘breathe’, rud ‘cry’, śvas ‘sigh’, svap ‘sleep’, jakṣ ‘eat’:

S i K¬yE

(9a)

except Impf/2 3/Sg/P:

S ī a E

(9b)

 

brū ‘say’:

SS+ī KE

(10)

 

= [1K] u :

SS = V, before KE

(11)

 

han ‘kill’:

han m v yE;

(12a)

ha ¬mvyKE;

(12b)

ghn AE

(12c)

Paradigm:

hu

‘sacrifice’

SS = juho

WS = juhu

Class III: reduplicating class

(hu-class)

 

SS = III:RG

(13)

WS = III:R

(14)

 

Note:

= [1K] A: GA before uḥE

(15)

also E of Ind/Imp/Impf/3/pl/P in Paradigms

(16)

 

/ dhā: ‘give’ / ‘put’

SS = dada /dadha

(17a)

d h t h > tt h (tt only when both d and t are ¬H)

(17b)

imp/2/sg/P: d hehi

(17c)

 

: ‘measure’

SS = mimī;

(18a)

WS = mim

(18b)

 

‘leave’

SS = jahā

(19a)

WS = jahī

(19b)

jah AE

(19c)

 

Paradigm:

su

‘press’

SS = suno

WS = sunu

Class V: ṇu- class

(su-class)

 

SS = no

(20)

WS = nu

(21)

 

Note:

= [1K] A: u of nu may optionally fall before m vE

(22)

Imp/2/Sg/P has no ending

(23)

 

āp ‘obtain’

nu never loses the u

(24a)

Imp/2/Sg/P: āpnuhi

(24b)

 

Paradigm:

rudh

‘obstruct’

SS = ruṇadh

WS = rundh

Class VII: infix nasal class

(rudh-class)

 

SS = [1K] A na 2K

(25)

WS = [1K] A Ni 2Ki

(26)

except when 2K = Ś° h°:

WS = [1K] A 2K

(27)

 

Paradigms:

tan

‘press’

SS = tano

WS = tanu

 

kṛ

‘do’

SS = karo

WS = kuru

Class VIII: u-class

(tan-class)

 

SS = o

(28)

WS = u

(29)

 

conjugated as V

(30)

 

Note:

= [1K] A: u of nu may optionally fall before m vE

(31)

Imp/2/Sg/P has no ending

(32)

 

kṛ ‘do’

the u of nu allways falls before m v E

(33)

 

Paradigms:

krī

‘buy’

SS = krīṇā

WF = krīṇī KE

WF = krīṇ AE

 

jñā

‘know’

SS = jānā

WF = jānīKE

WF = jānAE

Class IX: -class

(krī-class)

 

SS =

(34)

WF = KE

(35)

WF = n AE

(36)

 

Note:

= [1K] A 2K

>

Imp/2/sg/PE = āna

(37)

e.g. gṛhāṇa from grah ‘take’ instead of *gṛhṇāhi