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Declinable Stems (DecS)

There are two kinds of derivations:

1) Primary derivation: S is constructed directly from the .

2) Secondary derivation: S is constructed from already derived S.

 

Besides these two groups there are:

3) Verbal Nouns

4) Pronouns

5) Words that are not analysable from any

Primary derivation

[t]

 

These are used ifc, and have both fundamental values, as action-nouns, frequently as Inf and as agent-nouns and Adj often governing A.

If = [1K] A, a t is usually added.

 

G a

Action-nouns:

 

 

śrama ‘weariness’

graha ‘seizure’

aya ‘movement’

veda ‘knowledge’

hava ‘call’

krodha ‘wrath’

joṣa ‘enjoyment’

tara ‘crossing’

sarga ‘emission’.

 

 

Agent-nouns:

kṣama ‘patient’

svaja ‘constrictor’

jīva ‘living’

megha ‘cloud’

coda ‘inciting’

plava ‘boat’

sara ‘brook’

sarpa ‘serpent’

bhoja ‘generous’

khāda ‘devouring’.

 

V a

 

Used with :

= 1K a 2K

= [1K] ū̆ ī̆.

 

 

 

 

Action-nouns:

kāma ‘love’

bhāga ‘share’

nāda ‘noise’

dāva ‘fire’

tāra ‘crossing’.

 

 

Agent-nouns:

grābha ‘seizing’

vāha ‘carrying’

nāya ‘leading’

jāra ‘lover’

 

G ana

Action-nouns:

sadana ‘seat’

rakṣaṇa ‘protection’

dāna ‘giving’

cayana ‘collection’

vedana ‘property’

havana ‘call’

bhojana ‘injoyment’

karaṇa ‘deed’

vardhana ‘increase’

 

 

Agent-nouns

tapana ‘burning’

cetana ‘visible’

codana ‘impelling’

 

G as

Neuter abstract action-nouns

avas ‘aid, favor’

tapas ‘warmth’

prayas ‘pleasure’

tejas ‘splendor’

śravas ‘fame’

dohas ‘milking’

karas ‘deed’

prathas ‘breadth’

cetas / manas ‘mind’

cakṣas ‘eye’

saras ‘pond’

vacas ‘speech’.

 

PPP ti

Action-nouns (f)

Agent-nouns (m)

Adj

which form PPP with ita do not have the i before ti. having their participle in na form the abstract noun also in ni.

 

Examples:

rāti ‘gift’

ūti ‘aid’

rīti ‘flow’

stuti ‘praise’

bhakti ‘division’

viṣṭi ‘service’, ‘praise’

kīrti ‘fame’

pūrti ‘bestowal’

mati ‘thought’

pīti ‘drink’

dhauti ‘stream’

gati ‘motion’

śāṃti ‘repose’

diti ‘division’

dṛṣṭi ‘sight’

iṣṭi ‘offering’

ukti ‘speech’

vṛddhi ‘increase’.

 

W tha.

 

Action-nouns

(m/n/f)

-itha ‘going’

artha ‘goal’

-kṛtha ‘making’

gātha ‘song’

bhṛtha ‘offering’

-yātha ‘road’

-śītha ‘lying down’

śotha ‘swelling’

siktha ‘sediment’.

 

G man.

 

Action-nouns. (n)

karman ‘action’

janman ‘birth’

nāman ‘name’

vartman ‘track’

veśman ‘dwelling’

homan ‘sacrifice’

-dyotman ‘splendor’.

 

[t]van.

Agent-words, Adj

Nouns (m)

t occurs when = [1K] Ă

 

Examples:

(m:)

yajvan ‘offering’

druhvan ‘harming’

śakvan ‘capable’

-rikvan ‘leaving’

-jitvan ‘conquering’

sutvan ‘pressing’

kṛtvan ‘active’

-gatvan ‘going’;

(n:)

parvan ‘joint’

dhanvan ‘bow’.

 

G [i]tṛ

Agent-nouns

Formed freely formed from all

 

f is G [i] trī.

 

union-vowel i is common

 

G tra

Nouns, signifying

the means or

instrument

(n:)

gātra ‘limb’

pattra ‘wing’

pātra ‘cup’

yoktra ‘bond’

vastra ‘garment’

śrotra ‘ear’

astra ‘missile’

stotra ‘song of praise’

potra ‘vessel’

dattra ‘gift’

kṣetra ‘field’

mūtra ‘urine’

hotra ‘sacrifice’

kṣatra ‘authority’

rāṣṭra ‘kingdom’

śāstra ‘doctrine’

sattra ‘sacrificial session’.

(m:)

daṃṣṭra ‘tusk’

mantra ‘prayer’

attra ‘devourer’

uṣṭra ‘buffalo, camel’

(f:)

aṣṭrā ‘good’

mātrā ‘measure’

hotrā ‘sacrifice’

nāṣṭrā ‘destroyer’.

 

W ra.

Adj

kṣipra ‘quick’

chidra ‘split’

tura ‘strong’

bhadra ‘pleasing’

śakra ‘mighty’

śukra ‘bright’

 

 

Secondary derivation

 

S sometimes changes when the suffix (Su) is added to it:

 

S- a i + A y Su

>

S- A y Su

(1)

S- u + A y Su

S- av A y Su

(2)

, o and au follows IS

(3)

 

S- n Su

S- Su

(4)

S- an Su

S- Su

(5)

S- an Su

S- a Su

(6)

S- an Su

S- n Su

(7)

 

S is very often strengthened by vowel gradation of the first A in S:

 

S = [K] A°

>

GS = [K] G

(8)

S = [K] A°

>

VS = [K] V

(9)

S = K(y,v)A°

VS = K(aiy,auv)V

(10)

(VS most common)

 

In compounds (S = X - Y):

X - Y

VX - Y

(11)

X - Y

sometimes

X - VY

(12)

X - Y

often

VX - VY

(13)

 

Examples:

aśvin

>

āśvina

soma

>

saumya

pṛthivī

>

pārthiva

amitra

>

āmitra

samrāj

>

sāmrājya

sukṛta

>

saukṛtya

mitrāvaruṇā

>

maitrāvaruṇa (11)

uccaiḥśravas

>

auccaiḥśravasa

nyāya

>

naiyāyika (10)

indradeva

>

indradaivatya (12)

caturvidya

>

cāturvaidya (13)

 

VS a.

Adj, denoting having a relation, connection or with that denoted by S. Also freely used substantively: m/f as appellatives, n frequently as abstract. Often they have a patronymic or gentile value.

 

Examples:

mānasa ‘relating to the mind’ (manas)

saumanasa ‘friendliness’ (sumanas)

brāhmaṇa ‘priest’ (brahman)

 

V:aS- a

(The final a is replaced by Su a and the accent shifts)

 

Examples:

āmitra ‘inimical’ (amitra ‘enemy’),

vaiśvadeva ‘belonging to all the gods’ (viśvadeva)

daiva ‘divine’ (deva)

pautra ‘grandchild’ (putra ‘son’)

 

VS ya

In form and meaning close to VS a but less common.

 

Examples:

daivya ‘divine’ (deva)

pālitya ‘grayness’ (palita)

gārhapatya ‘householder's’ (gṛhapati)

vaimanasya ‘mindlessness’ (vimanas)

laukya ‘of the world’ (loka)

ādhipatya ‘lordship’ (adhipati)

 

S ya

Adj, much less often abstract nouns (n/f).

 

Examples:

aṅgya ‘of the limbs’ (aṅga)

mukhya ‘foremost’ (mukha ‘mouth’)

avya ‘ovine’ (avi)

viśya ‘of the people’ (viś)

viśvadevya ‘of all the gods’ (viśvadeva)

divya ‘heavenly’ (div)

satya ‘true’ (sant)

vyāghrya ‘tigrine’ (vyāghra)

kavya ‘wise’ (kavi)

grāmya ‘of the village’ (grāma)

hṛdya` ‘of the heart’ (hṛd)

karmaṇya` ‘active’ (karman)

namasya` ‘reverend’ (namas)

āyuṣya` ‘giving life’ (āyus)

prācya` ‘eastern’ (prāñc)

 

S iya

Identical with S ya; used only after δK.

 

Examples:

kṣatriya ‘having authority’ (kṣatra)

yajñiya ‘reverend’ (yajña)

amitriya ‘inimical’ (amitra)

kṣetriya ‘of the field’ (kṣetra)

śrotriya ‘learned’ (śrotra)

ṛtviya (also ṛtviya) ‘in season’ (ṛtu)

 

VS īya

Ordinals dvitīya etc. with fractionals tṛtīya and turīya

 

VS eya.

Adj, often having a patronymic or metronymic value.

n sometimes used as abstract noun.

 

Examples:

ārṣeya ‘descendant of a sage’ (ṛsi)

jānaśruteya son of ‘Jānaśruti’

pauruṣeya ‘coming from man’ (puruṣa)

 

S ka (m/f)

Diminutives and more often, added to S without definable value

 

Examples:

kumāraka ‘boy’

kanīnakā or kanīnikā ‘girl’

pādaka ‘little foot’

putraka ‘little son’

rājaka ‘princeling’

śakuntaka ‘birdling’

astaka ‘home’

nāsikā ‘nostril’

dhenukā (dhenu) ‘cow’

nagnaka (nagna) ‘naked’

baddhaka (baddha) ‘captive’

 

VS aka

VS ikā

Examples:

āvaśyaka ‘necessary’

vārddhaka ‘old age’

rāmaṇīyaka ‘delightfulness’.

vaidika ‘relating to the Vedas’

dhārmika ‘religious’

āhnika ‘daily’

vainayika ‘well-behaved’

dauvārika ‘doorkeeper’

naiyāyika ‘versed in the Nyāya’

 

S maya

S mayī

Adj signifying ‘made’ or ‘composed’ or ‘consisting of’, also ‘abounding in’, that which is denoted by S.

 

Examples:

tejomaya

āpomaya

jyotirmaya

yajurmaya

vāṅmaya

 

S- in

Possessive Adj may be formed almost unlimitedly from aS and are sometimes formed rarely from other S.

 

A final vowel disappears before the suffix.

 

Examples:

aśvin ‘possessing horses’

dhanin ‘wealthy’

pakṣin ‘winged’

balin ‘strong’

bhagin ‘fortunate’

vajrin ‘wielding the thunderbolt’

ṣoḍaśin ‘of sixteen’

brahmavarcasin ‘of eminent sancitity’

manīṣin ‘wise’

śikhin ‘crested’

ṛtāyin ‘pious’

 

S vant

Possessive Adj from noun-stems of every form

 

Examples:

putravant ‘having a son’

puṇḍarīkavant ‘rich in lotuses’

hiraṇyavant ‘rich in gold’

patnīvant ‘with spouse’

dhīvant ‘devoted’

viṣṇuvant ‘accompanied by Vishnu’

brahmaṇvant ‘accompanied with worship’

 

Instead of the specialized meaning of ‘possessing’, the more general one of ‘like to, resembling’ is found:

 

nīlavant ‘blackish’

nṛvant ‘manly’

pṛṣadvant ‘speckled’

kṣaitavant ‘princely’

 

S mant

Possessive Adj. The same value as S vant, and are to some extent exchangeable with it. (Only very rarely made from aS)

 

Examples:

avimant ‘possessing sheep’

vasumant ‘possessing good things’

madhumant ‘rich in sweets’

hotṛmant ‘provided with priests’

āyuṣmant ‘long-lived’

dhīmant ‘wise’

 

S (f)

Abstract nouns, denoting ‘the quality of being so and so’, from both Adj and nouns.

 

Examples:

devatā ‘divinity’

puruṣatā ‘human nature’

bandhutā ‘relationship’

vasutā ‘wealth’

mamatā ‘selfshness’

 

S tva (n)

Nouns, of the same value as S

 

Examples:

amṛtatva ‘immortality’

devatva ‘divinity’

śucitva ‘purity’

dīrghāyutva ‘long life’

śatrutva ‘enmity’

bhrātṛtva ‘brotherhood’

vṛṣatva ‘virility’

sātmatva ‘soulfulness’

 

S taya

S tayī

Adj, meaning ‘of so many divisions’ or ‘kinds’

 

Examples:

ekataya, dvitaya, tritaya, catuṣṭaya, ṣaṭtaya, saptataya, aṣṭātaya, daśataya, bahutaya.

 

S tya

S tyā

Adj from particles.

 

Examples:

nitya ‘own’

niṣṭya ‘foreign’

amātya ‘companion’