Contents

Verbal Nouns

Verbal nouns are the DecS formed from ConjS.

Paradigms:

‘lead’

PrP/WS = nayant

 

kṛ

‘do’

PrPS = kurvāṇa

 

 

Present (PrP),
Future (FuP) &
Causative Present Participle (CPrP)

 

 

PrP

FuP

CPrP

 

Th

Ath

 

 

SS/P

ThS- ant

ATh/WS ant

FuS- ant

CS- ant

WS

ThS- at

ATh/WS at

FuS- at

CS- at

S/Ā

ThS māna

ATh/WS āna

FuS māna

CS māna

S/Ps

PsS māna

-

Ps:CS māna

 

Paradigms:

dṛś

‘see’

PfP/SS = dadṛśivāṃs

Perfect Active Participle (PfP)

 

SS/P

Pf/WS [i]vāṃs

MS

Pf/WS [i]vat

WS

Pf/WS uṣ°

S/Ā

Pf/WS āna

 

Note:

i occurs in monosyllabic WS

(1)

 

Paradigm

bhṛ

‘bear’

PPPS = bḥrta

Passive Preteritial Participle (PPP)

PPPS = W [i]ta na

(2)

 

Note:

i occurs with Seṭ ending in a K and PPP =

(3)

na occurs with ending in ṝ, most with 2K = d and a few other A

(4)

 

with X and C: aya + ita > ita

(5)

 

= 1K ā ai

PPPS = 1K ī ta

(6)

= [1K] A °j °g

PPPS = [1K] Agna

(7)

= 1K a N

PPPS = 1K ata ānta āta

(8)

 

PPPE = aE

(9)

 

bhṛ ‘bear’

bḥrta

pṝ ‘fill’

pūrṇa (4)

pad ‘get into’

panna (4)

svap ‘sleep’

supta

vac ‘speak’

ukta

pat ‘fall’

patita (3)

grah ‘take’

ghrīta

guh ‘hide’

gūḍha

gai ‘sing’

gīta (6)

tuṣ ‘satisfy’

toṣita (5)

vij ‘be frightened’

vigna (7)

gam ‘go’

gata (8)

kram ‘step’

krānta (8)

jan ‘be born’

jāta (7)

 

Paradigm

vac

‘say’

APP/SS = uktavant

APP/WS = uktavat

Active Preteritial Participle (APP)

APP/SS = PPPS vant

(10)

APP/WS = PPPS vat

(11)

Note:

APP/Sg/N/nS = PPPS vān

(12)

 

Paradigm

kṛ

‘do’

S = kartavya

Gerundive (Gr)

There are three interchangable formations:

 

GrS = G [i]tavya

(13)

GrE = aE

(14)

 

i always with Seṭ

(15)

with X and C: aya + itavya > ayitavya

(16)

 

GrS = {G} anīya

(17)

GrE = aE

(18)

with X and C: aya + anīya > anīya

(19)

 

GrS = V [t]ya

(20)

GrE = aE

(21)

with X and C: [p]aya + ya > [p]ya

(22)

 

 

kṛ ‘do’

kartavya

‘what should be done’

 

karanīya

 

 

kārya

 

bhū ‘become’

bhavitavya

‘what should be’

 

bhavya bhāvya

 

budh (C)

‘cause to

awaken’

bodhayitavya

‘what should be awakened’

cint ‘think’

cintanīya

‘what shoult be thought’

 

cintya

 

sthā (C)

‘cause to

stand up’

sthāpya

‘what should be caused to stand up’

 

Infinitive (Inf)

InfS = G [i]tum

(23)

i always with Seṭ

(24)

with X and C: aya + itum > ayitum

(25)

 

Inf is indeclinable

(26)

 

kṛ ‘do’

kartum

dṛś ‘see’

draṣṭum

bhū ‘become’

bhavitum

gam ‘go’

gantum

budh (C) ‘cause to awaken’

bodhayitum

 

Absolutive (Abs)

(aka Gerunds)

 

There are two formations:

 

1Abs: verbs without preverbs

 

(cf. PPP in ta)

 

AbsS = W [i]tvā

(27)

i occurs with Seṭ ending in a K and: Abs =

(28)

 

= 1K ā ai

AbsS = 1K ī tvā

(29)

 

with X and C: aya + itvā > ayitvā

(30)

 

2Abs: verbs with preverbs

 

(cf. Ps)

 

AbsS = Pv Ps ya

(31)

 

for with short A and [optionally] in am an which have a in WS:

AbsS = Pv Ps tya

(32)

with X and C: aya + ya > aya

(33)

 

 

Abs = W, but A is changed as:

σK

>

σKri

(34)

δK

>

δKar

(35)

¬LbK

>

¬LbKīr

(36)

LbK

>

LbKūr

(37)

δA

ī

(38)

 

ā is unchanged

(39)

Note:

(i, u)

(ī, ū)

(40)

 

Abs is indeclinable

(41)

 

vac ‘say’

uktvā

kṛ ‘do’

kṛtvā

svap ‘sleep’

suptvā

budh (C) ‘cause to awaken’

budhayitvā (30)

vi-muc ‘free’

vimucya (40)

ā-dā ‘take’

ādāya

abhidru ‘run towards’

abhidrutya (32)

ā-gam ‘come’

āgamya

 

āgatya (32)