Contents

Aorist (Ao)

- overview -

Ao i formed as:

a AoS- AoE

(1)

 

where AoS = a AoS- are classified in 7 conjugations:

 

 

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

 

Th

R

-s-

-iṣ-

-siṣ-

-sa-

PS

a

a a

a R:AoW

a V s

a V* iṣ

a G siṣ

a sa

ĀS

"

"

"

a G* s

a G iṣ

"

"

 

AoE almost equal Impf/IE:

 

1/sg/P

°(a)m

2

°(a)ḥ °īḥ

3

°(a)t °īt

1/du

°(a)va

2

°(a)tam

3

°(a)tāṃ

1/pl

°(a)ma

2

°(a)ta

3

°uḥ °(a)n

1/sg/Ā

°e °i

2

°(a)thāḥ

3

°(a)ta

1/du

°(a)vahi

2

°ethām °āthām

3

°etām °āthām

1/pl

°(a)mahi

2

°(a)dhvam °ḍhvam

3

°(a)nta °ata

 

There also exist an Opt of Ao called Precative (Prec) and an Injunctive (Inj) used for prohibitions.

 

Paradigms:

‘give’

S = adā

 

bhū

‘become’

S = abhū

1) -Ao

(Formed only from some roots in ā, δ and from bhū)

 

AoS = a

(2)

except Ao/3/pl/PS = a 1K

(3)

AoE defined in the Paradigm

(4)

 

 

Note:

bhū : bhūv before AE; 3/pl/PE = an

(5)

Ā seldom found in CS

(6)

 

 

Paradigm:

sic

‘sprinkle’

S = asica

2) Th Ao

AoS = a a

(7)

AoE = Impf/IE

(8)

 

Note:

krudh ‘be angry’ 3/sg/P: akrudhat

(9)

dṛś ‘see’ 3/sg/P: adarśat

(10)

gam ‘go’ 3/sg/P: agamat

(11)

 

Paradigm:

jan

‘give birth’

S = ajījan

3) RAo

 

AoS = a Ao:RW

(12)

AoE = Impf/IE

(13)

except 3/pl/PE = uḥ

(14)

 

If the root is a heavy syllable the vowel in W will be short and:

= 1K i u

>

RS = Ao:R 1K iy uv

(15)

 

Note:

pat ‘fall’

apaptat

(16)

dru ‘run’

adudruvat

(17)

vac ‘speak’

avocat

(18)

naś ‘pass away’

aneśat

(19)

 

X is formed as in C

 

Paradigms:

ji

‘conquer’

PS = ajaiṣ

ĀS = ajeṣ

 

tud

‘push’

PS = atauts

ĀS = atuts

4) -s-Ao

(The usual Ao of the aniṭ-roots)

 

Ao/PS = a V s

(20)

AoS = a G* s

(21)

AoE defined in the Paradigm

(22)

*G when = [1K] ī̆ ū̆, otherwise unchanged root.

 

Note:

 

only = °ā °δ which form the Ao/Ā according to this form change ā > i.

(23)

-s- is lost before E beginning with [H]t after ¬N/rK.

(24)

 

Paradigm:

‘cut off’

PS = alāviṣ

ĀS = alaviṣ

5) -iṣ-Ao

(The usual Ao of the seṭ-roots)

 

Ao/PS = a V* iṣ

(25)

AoS = a G iṣ

(26)

AoE = defined in the Paradigm

(27)

*V when = [1K] A, otherwise G

 

Paradigms:

‘go’

S = ayāsiṣ

 

nam

‘bend’

S = anaṃsiṣ

6) -siṣ-Ao

(Used with some roots in ā, δ and am )

 

AoS = a G siṣ

(28)

AoE = defined in the Paradigm

(29)

 

Note:

In Ā these have the iṣ-Ao

(30)

 

Paradigm:

diś

‘show, give’

S = adikṣ

7) -sa-Ao

(Used with having: A = ¬ā̆ and 2K = ś )

 

AoS = a sa

(31)

AoE = Impf/IE except

(32)

 

1/sg/ĀE = i,

(33)

 

2/du/ĀE = āthām

(34)

 

3/du/ĀE = ātām.

(35)

 

Ps

There is a Ps /Ind/3/sg of the Ao:

= [1K]A2K:

Ao:PsS = a G i

(12)

= [1K]A:

Ao:PsS = a V i

(13)

 

(3/sg are the only forms found of the Ao/Ps.)

 

dṛṣ ‘see’

adarśi ‘was seen’

budh ‘awaken’

abodhi ‘was awakened’

jan ‘be born’

ajani ‘was born’

kṛ ‘make’

akāri ‘was done’

 

Paradigm:

bhū

‘become, be’

PS = bhūyās

ĀS = bhaviṣī

Precative (Prec)

 

Prc/PS = +yās

(36)

Prc/ĀS = G +[i]ṣ ī

(s37)

PrcE = ATh/OptE

(38)

 

(Ā: comp. s-Ao and iṣ-Ao)

 

Thus:

 

1/sg/P

yās am

2

yāḥ

3

yāt

1/du

yās va

2

yās tam

3

yās tāṃ

1/pl

yās ma

2

yās ta

3

yās uḥ

1/sg/Ā

G [i]ṣ īya

2

G [i]ṣ īṣṭhāḥ

3

G [i]ṣ īṣṭa

1/du

G [i]ṣ īvahi

2

G [i]ṣ īyāsthām

3

G [i]ṣ īyāstām

1/pl

G [i]ṣ īmahi

2

G [i]ṣ īḍhvam

3

G [i]ṣ īran

 

Injunctive (Inj)

Inj are augmentless aoristforms used with the prohibitive particle ‘not’:

 

gāḥ

‘do not go’

bhaiṣīḥ

‘do not fear’

bhaiḥ

‘do not fear’

kārṣīḥ

‘do not make’

kṛthāḥ

‘do not make’